# File: builtin-dir-example-2.py 
 
class A: 
 def a(self): 
  pass 
 def b(self): 
  pass 
 
class B(A): 
 def c(self): 
  pass 
 def d(self): 
  pass 
 
def getmembers(klass, members=None): 
 # get a list of all class members, ordered by class 
 if members is None: 
  members = [] 
 for k in klass.__bases__: 
  getmembers(k, members) 
 for m in dir(klass): 
  if m not in members: 
   members.append(m) 
 return members 
 
print('A=> :', getmembers(A)) 
print() 
print('B=> :', getmembers(B)) 
print() 
print('IOError=> :', getmembers(IOError)) 

> 
==== RESTART: D:/work/csdn/python_Game1/example/builtin-dir-example-2.py ====
A=> : ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__dict__', '__module__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b']


B=> : ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__dict__', '__module__', '__weakref__', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd']


IOError=> : ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__cause__', '__context__', '__dict__', '__setstate__', '__suppress_context__', '__traceback__', 'args', 'with_traceback', 'characters_written', 'errno', 'filename', 'filename2', 'strerror', 'winerror']
> 

>dir([ ])

x = ['a','b']
>dir(x)